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List Of Presidents Of Trinidad And Tobago

List of Presidents of Trinidad and Tobago

This page lists presidents of Trinidad and Tobago. See also lists of incumbents, list of Governors of Trinidad and Tobago, list of Governors-General of Trinidad and Tobago, list of Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago.

Presidents of Trinidad and Tobago, 1976-present

list of Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago
- Ellis Clarke: 1 August 1976 - 13 March 1987
- Noor Hassanali: 19 March 1987 - 19 March 1997
- Arthur N.R. Robinson: 19 March 1997 - 17 March 2003
- George Maxwell Richards: 17 March 2003 - Trinidad and Tobago, Presidents Category:Trinidad and Tobago

President of Trinidad and Tobago

The President of Trinidad and Tobago is the country's head of state and commander in chief of the country's armed forces. The office was established when the country became the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago in 1976, replacing the British monarch. The last Governor-General, Sir Ellis Clarke, was sworn in as the first President on August 1 of that year, under a transitional arrangement. He was formally chosen as President by an electoral college consisting of members of both houses of Parliament on September 24th, 1976, which is now celebrated as Republic Day. Under the 1976 Constitution, the office of President is a ceremonial post, with executive power remaining with the Cabinet, headed by a Prime Minister. The President appoints as Prime Minister the leader of the largest party in the House of Representatives, and also appoints members of the Senate on the recommendation of the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition. The President must be at least 35 years old (although no President has been younger than 59), a citizen of Trinidad and Tobago, and at the time of nomination must have been resident in the country for an unbroken period of ten years. The current President of Trinidad and Tobago is Professor Emeritus George Maxwell Richards.

Trinidad and Tobago

The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is a nation in the southern Caribbean Sea, situated 11 km (7 miles) off the coast of Venezuela. It is an archipelagic state consisting of two main islands, Trinidad and Tobago, and 21 smaller islands. The larger and more populated island is Trinidad, while Tobago is smaller (303 square kilometres; about 6% of the total area) and less populous (50,000 people; 4% of the total population). Citizens are officially called Trinidadians or Tobagonians or Citizens of Trinidad and Tobago, but are informally referred to as Trinis or Trinbagonians. Unlike most of the English-speaking Caribbean, Trinidad and Tobago is a primarily industrialised country whose economy is based on petroleum and petrochemicals. People of Indian and African descent make up almost 80% of the population, while the remainder are mostly mixed race with small European, Chinese and Syrian-Lebanese minorities. Trinidad and Tobago is famous for its pre-Lenten Carnival and as the birthplace of steelpan and limbo. The capital city Port-of-Spain is currently a leading candidate to serve as the headquarters of the Permanent Secretariat of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA-ALCA).

History

Both Trinidad and Tobago were originally settled by Amerindians of South American origin. Trinidad was first settled by pre-agircultural Archaic people at least 7000 years, making it the earliest-settled part of the Caribbean. Ceramic-using agriculturalists settled Trinidad around 250 BCE and then moved up the islands. At the time of European contact Trinidad was occupied by various Arawakan- and Cariban-speaking tribes including the Nepoya, Suppoya and Yao, while Tobago was occupied by the Island Caribs and Galibi. The aboriginal name for Trinidad was Kairi or Iere which is usually said to mean The Land of the Hummingbird, although others have reported that it simply meant island. Christopher Columbus encountered the island of Trinidad on July 31, 1498 and named it Trinidad after the Holy Trinity; Tobago was named Bella Forma by him, but this later became Tobago (probably derived from tobacco). The Spanish settled on Trinidad, while Tobago frequently changed hands between the European sea powers, but the settlements on both islands were small and underdeveloped. After changing hands between the British, French, Dutch and Courlanders, Britain consolidated its hold on both islands during the Napoleonic Wars, and they were combined into the colony of Trinidad and Tobago in 1889. Because of the colonial struggles, English, Spanish, and French place names are all common in the country. African slaves and Indian, Chinese, Portuguese and free African indentured labourers were imported to supply labour in the nineteenth and early twentieth century. Immigration from Barbados and the Lesser Antilles and from Syria and Lebanon also impacted on the ethnic make-up of the country. Although originally a sugar colony, cacao dominated the economy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. After the collapse of the cacao crop (due to disease and the Great Depression) petroleum increasingly came to dominate the economy. The Depression and the rise of the oil economy led to changes in the social structure. The presence of American military bases in Chaguaramas and Cumuto in Trinidad during World War II profoundly changed the character of society. In the post-war period, the wave of decolonisation that swept the British Empire led to the formation of the West Indies Federation in 1958 as a vehicle for independence. Chaguaramas was the proposed site for the federal capital. The Federation dissolved after the withdrawal of Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago elected for independence in 1962. In 1976 the country severed its links with the British monarchy and became a republic within the Commonwealth. Petroleum, petrochemicals and natural gas continue to be the backbone of the economy. Tourism is the mainstay of the economy of Tobago, although it has declined in the environment after the September 11, 2001 attacks. Trinidad and Tobago is one of the most prosperous nations in the Caribbean, although less so than it was during the "oil boom" between 1973 and 1983.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago is a liberal democracy with a two-party system and a bicameral parliamentary system based on the Westminster System. The Head of State of Trinidad and Tobago is the President, currently Professor Emeritus George Maxwell Richards. The Head of Government is the Prime Minister. The President is elected by an Electoral College consisting of the full membership of both houses of Parliament. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President. The President is required to appoint the leader of the party who in his opinion has the most support of the members of the House of Representatives to this post; this has generally been the leader of the party which won the most seats in the previous election (except in the case of the 2001 General Elections). The Parliament consists of two chambers, the Senate (31 seats) and the House of Representatives (36 seats, will increase to 41 seats after the next election). The members of the Senate are appointed by the president. Sixteen Government Senators are appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister, six Opposition Senators are appointed on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition and nine Independent Senators are appointed by the President to represent other sectors of civil society. The 36 members of the House of Representatives are elected by the people for a maximum term of five years. Since December 24 2001, the governing party has been the People's National Movement led by Patrick Manning; the Opposition party is the United National Congress led by Basdeo Panday (Leader of the Opposition) and Winston Dookeran (UNC political leader). Trinidad and Tobago is an active member of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM).

Regional Corporations and Municipalities

:Main article: Regional Corporations and Municipalities of Trinidad and Tobago The local government bodies consist of nine Regional Corporations and five municipalities in Trinidad and the Tobago House of Assembly in Tobago. The five towns with municipality status are the Boroughs of Arima, Chaguanas and Point Fortin and the Cities of Port-of-Spain and San Fernando. The nine Regional Corporations are the Couva-Tabaquite-Talparo, Diego Martin, Penal-Debe, Princes Town, Rio Claro-Mayaro, San Juan-Laventille, Sangre Grande, Siparia and the Tunapuna-Piarco Regional Corporations. Historically, Trinidad was divided into eight counties, and these counties were subdivided into Wards. Tobago was adminstered as a Ward of County Saint David. Counties and Wards still play a role in revenue collection by the government.

: Related topic: Counties of Trinidad and Tobago

Geography

Counties of Trinidad and Tobago Main article: Geography of Trinidad and Tobago The country consists of two main islands, Trinidad and Tobago, and 21 smaller islands, the most important being Chacachacare, Monos, Huevos, Gaspar Grande (or Gasparee), Little Tobago and St. Giles Is. The terrain of the islands is a mixture of mountains and plains. The highest point in the country is found on the Northern Range at El Cerro del Aripo which is situated at 940 m above sea level. The climate is tropical. There are two seasons annually: the dry season for the first six months of the year, and the wet season in the second half of the year. Winds are predominantlly from the northeast and are dominated by the Northeast Trade winds. Unlike most of the other Caribbean islands, Trinidad and Tobago have frequently escaped the wrath of major devastating hurricanes including Hurricane Ivan, the most powerful storm to pass close to the islands in recent history in September 2004. As the majority of the population live in Trinidad, this is the location of most major towns and cities. There are four major cities in Trinidad: Port-of-Spain, the capital, San Fernando, Arima and Chaguanas. Of these four, Chaguanas is the fastest growing. The largest town in Tobago is Scarborough. Trinidad is made up of a variety of soil types, the majority being fine sands and heavy clays. The alluvial valleys of the Northern Range and the soils of the East-West Corridor being the most fertile. The Northern Range consists mainly of Upper Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks, mostly andesites and schists. The Northern Lowlands (East-West Corridor and Caroni Plains) consist of Pleistocene or younger soft sands and clays with superficial gravel terraces and river and swamp alluvia. South of this, the Central Range is a folded anticlinal uplift consisting of Cretaceous and Eocene rocks, with Miocene formations along the southern and eastern flanks. The Naparima Plains and the Nariva Swamp form the southern shoulder of this uplift. The Southern Lowlands consist of Miocene and Pliocene sands, clays, and gravels. These overlie oil and natural gas deposits, especially north of the Los Bajos Fault. The Southern Range forms the third anticlinal uplift. It consists of several chains of hills, most famous being the Trinity Hills. The rocks consist of sandstones, shales and siltstones and clays formed in the Miocene and uplifted in the Pleistocene. Oil sands and mud volcanoes are especially common in this area. Although it is located just off-shore from South America, Trinidad and Tobago is often considered to be part of the North American continent by virtue of its being a Caribbean country. See Bicontinental countries.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago has earned a reputation as an excellent investment site for international businesses. A leading performer the past four years has been the booming natural gas sector. Tourism is a growing sector, although not proportionately as important as in many other Caribbean islands. The economy benefits from low inflation and a trade surplus. The year 2002 was marked by solid growth in the oil sector, offset in part by domestic political uncertainty.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Trinidad and Tobago The two predominant ethnic groups are Indo-Trinidadians, the descendants of indentured labourers from India (40.3% of the population) and Afro-Trinidadians who descend from African slaves (39.5%). Together the two groups form about 79.8% of the population; most of the remainder are people of mixed descent, with small minorities of Europeans, Chinese, Syrian-Lebanese, South American , and Carib-Arawaks (descendants of the indigenous inhabitants, not recognized as a distinct census category). Emigration from Trinidad and Tobago, as with other Caribbean nations, has historically been high; most emigrants go to the United States, with Canada and Britain receiving most of the rest. Emigration has continued, albeit at a lower rate, even as the birth rate has sharply dropped to levels typical of industrialised countries. Many different religions are present in Trinidad and Tobago. The largest two are the Roman Catholics and Hindus; the Anglicans, Muslims, Presbyterians, Methodist are among the smaller faiths. Two Afro-Caribbean syncretic faiths, the Shouter or Spiritual Baptists and the Orisha faith (formerly called Shangos, a less than complimentary term) are among the fastest growing religious groups, as are a host of American-style evangelical and fundamentalist churches usually lumped as "Pentecostal" by most Trinidadians (although this designation is often inaccurate). The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has also expanded its presence in the country since the mid-1980s. English is the country's only official language, but Hindi is also spoken by some Indo-Trinidadians and widely used in popular music. The main spoken language, Trinidad English is either classified as a dialect of English or as an English Creole (Trinidadian Creole English). The major spoken language in Tobago is Tobagonian Creole English. Both languages contain African elements; Trinidad English is also influenced by French and by Hindi. These Creole languages are normally spoken in informal situations only, and there is no formalized system of writing (other than as in standard English). Short-term visitors need not be concerned about learning Creole, as virtually everyone understands English. However, visitors should expect to hear Creole spoken frequently when they are not being directly addressed. Although Patois (a dialect of French Creole) was once the most widely spoken language on the island, it is now rarely heard. Due to Trinidad's location on the coast of South America, the country has been slowly developing a connection with the Spanish-speaking peoples, but has been impeded by the fact that in 2004, only 1500 of Trinidad's 1.3m inhabitants spoke Spanish. In 2004 the government initiated the Spanish as a First Foreign Language (SAFFL) initiative [http://www.tradeind.gov.tt/projects%20and%20programs/SIS_SIE.htm], with a public launch in March 2005. Government regulations now require Spanish to be taught to all high school students, while thirty percent of public employees are to be linguistically competent within five years. Venezuelans often come to Trinidad and Tobago to learn English, and many English schools have expanded to feature both English and Spanish.

Culture

Spanish Main article: Culture of Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago is famous for its pre-Lenten Carnival. It is also the birthplace of calypso music and the steelpan, which is widely claimed to be the only acoustic musical instrument invented during the 20th century. The diverse cultural and religious background allows for many festivities and ceremonies throughout the year. Other indigenous art forms include soca (a derivate of calypso), Parang (Venezuelan-influenced Christmas music), chutney, and pichakaree (musical forms which blend the music of the Caribbean and India) and the famous Limbo dance. The artistic scene is vibrant. Trinidad and Tobago claims two Noble Prize-winning author, V. S. Naipaul and St. Lucian-born Derek Walcott. Mas' designer Peter Minshall is renowned not only for his carnival costumes, but also for his role in opening ceremonies of the Barcelona Olympics, the 1994 Football World Cup, the 1996 Summer Olympics and the 2002 Winter Olympics, for which he won an Emmy Award.

Sports

Cricket: Trinidad and Tobago plays both one day international and Test cricket as a member of the West Indies team. The national team plays at the first-class level in regional competitions. Football: The national football team qualifed for the 2006 FIFA World Cup by beating Bahrain in Manama on 16 November 2005. Trinidad and Tobago is the least populated country to qualify for the World Cup. Olympics: Hasely Crawford won the first and only Olympic gold medal for Trinidad and Tobago in the men's 100 m dash in the 1976 Summer Olympics. Twelve athletes from Trinidad and Tobago have won medals at the Olympics, beginning with a Bronze medal won by Rodney Wilkes in 1948. Ato Boldon has won the most medals for Trinidad and Tobago. :See also Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics The card-game All-Fours is sometimes described as the "Unofficial national sport".
Holidays

Notes
# The Independent, 31 August 2005, [http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article309432.ece "Hola! Trinidad drops English and learns to speak Spanish"].
See also

- Communications in Trinidad and Tobago
- Cuisine of Trinidad and Tobago
- Ecology of Trinidad and Tobago
- Foreign relations of Trinidad and Tobago
- List of birds
- List of snakes
- List of towns and cities
- Military of Trinidad and Tobago
- Music of Trinidad and Tobago
- Religion in Trinidad and Tobago
- Transportation in Trinidad and Tobago
References

- Besson, Gerard & Bereton, Bridget. 1992. The Book of Trinidad. Paria Publishing Co. Ltd., Port of Spain. 2nd Edition. ISBN 976-8054-36-0.
- Mendes, John. 1986. Cote ce Cote la: Trinidad & Tobago DICTIONARY. Arima, Trinidad.
- Saith, Radhica and Lyndersay, Mark. 1993. Why not a Woman? Paria Publishing Co., Ltd., Port of Spain. ISBN 976-8054-42-5.
External links

- [http://www.gov.tt/ Official Government Website]
- [http://www.visittnt.com/ Official Tourism Website]
- [http://www.nalis.gov.tt/NationalAwards-Emblems/National_Emblems2.html National emblems of Trinidad and Tobago]
- [http://www.cso.gov.tt/ Central Statistical Office, Government of Trinidad and Tobago]
- [http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/td.html CIA World Factbook : Trinidad and Tobago]
- [http://www.search.co.tt/ the Trinidad and Tobago Webdirectory] Category:Caribbean countries Category:CARICOM member states Category:Island nations Category:Republics zh-min-nan:Trinidad kap Tobago ko:트리니다드 토바고 ms:Trinidad dan Tobago ja:トリニダード・トバゴ

Lists of Incumbents

These are lists of incumbents, i.e. lists of people in various offices and positions, including heads of states or of subnational entities. A historical discipline, archontology, focuses on the study of past and current incumbents. Current incumbents may also be found in the countries' articles (main article and "Politics of") and the list of national leaders, recent changes on 2005 in politics, and past leaders on State leaders by year and Colonial governors by year. Various articles group lists by title, function or topic: e.g. abdication, assassinated persons, cabinet, chancellor, ex-monarchs (20th century), head of government, head of state, lieutenant governor, mayor, military commanders, minister (and ministers by portfolio below), order of precedence, peerage, president, prime minister, Reichstag participants (1792), Secretary of State.

Heads of international organizations

Heads of state or government (defunct entities)

Ancient world

- Akkad
- Kings of Akkad
- Gutian kings
- Assyria
- Kings of Assyria
- Athens
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- Axumite Kingdom
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- Egypt
- Pharaohs
- Egyptian dynasties
- Elamite emperors, see Elamite Empire
- Galatia
- Kings of Galatia
- Hanilgalbat
- Kings of Hanilgabat, see Hanilgalbat and Mitanni
- Hittites
- Kings of the Hittites
- Leaders of the Huns
- India
- Indo-Greek kings, see Indo-Greek Kingdom
- Greco-Bactrian kings, see Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
- Indo-Scythian kings, see Indo-Scythian
- Indo-Parthian kings, see Indo-Parthian Kingdom
- Kushan emperors, see Kushan Empire
- Western Kshatrapas
- Kings of Chera, see Chera
- Emperors of Gupta, see Gupta dynasty
- Emperors of Magadha, see Shishunaga dynasty
- List of Maurya emperors
- Emperors of Nanda, see Nanda dynasty
- Emperors of Satavahana, see Satavahana
- Emperors of Sunga, see Sunga dynasty
- Ancient Jewish rulers
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Middle Ages and Early Modern Period

Africa

- Rulers and Heads of State of Ethiopia
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- List of Manikongo of Kongo
- Kings of Makuria, see Makuria
- Emperors of Mali, see Mali Empire
- Kings of Sennar, see Kingdom of Sennar
- Songhai emperors, see Songhai Empire
- Kings of Buganda, see Buganda
- Rulers of the Ashanti, see Asantehene
- Kings of Axum

Americas

- Aztec emperors, see Hueyi Tlatoani
- Incan emperors, see Inca Empire
- Mayans
- Rulers of Caracol, see Caracol
- Rulers of Calakmul, see Calakmul
- Rulers of Palenque, see Palenque
- Rulers of Tikal, see Tikal
- Rulers of Tonina, see Tonina
- Kings of Xukpi, see Copán
- Toltec rulers

Asia (excl. Latin, Hellenic and Arabic)

- Adil Shahi kings of Bijapur
- List of Kings of Ani
- List of Armenian Kings
- Monarchs of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
- Ahom Rulers of Assam
- Kings of Ayutthaya, see Ayutthaya kingdom
- Bahmani sultans, see Bahmani Sultanate
- Bhonsle maharajas of Satara, Thanjavur, Kolhapur, and Nagpur
- Rulers of Chalukya
- Chauhan rulers of Ajmer
- The Table of Chinese monarchs
- Sultans of Delhi, see Delhi Sultanate
- Gaekwad maharajas of Vadodara
- Ghaznavid emperors, see Ghaznavid Empire
- Gokturk kagans
- Kings of Golconda, see Qutb Shahi dynasty
- Khans of the Golden Horde
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- Kings of Gujarat, see Solanki
- Kings of Haripunchai, see Haripunchai
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- List of Indian monarchs
- List of Emperors of Japan
- Kachwaha rulers of Amber and Jaipur
- Khans of Kara-Khitai, see Kara-Khitan Khanate
- List of Kazan khans
- List of Khazar rulers
- Maitraka dynasty of Gujarat
- Khilji sultans of Delhi and Malwa
- Khmer emperors, see Khmer Empire
- Rulers of Korea
- Kings of Lanna, see Lanna
- Sultans of Malacca, see Sultanate of Malacca
- Kings of Mataram, see Kingdom of Mataram
- List of Mughal emperors
- Muzaffarid dynasty of Gujarat
- Kings of Mysore, see Kingdom of Mysore
- Nizam Shahi dynasty of Ahmadnagar
- Emperors of Pala, see Pala Empire
- Paramara kings of Malwa
- Pallava emperors, see Pallava
- Peshwa rulers of the Maratha Empire
- Ponwar rulers of Chhatarpur and Dewas
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- Reddy dynasty
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- Shahi dynasty
- Slave dynasty of Delhi
- Kings of Tamil Nadu, see Cholas
- List of emperors of Tibet
- Kings of Sukhothai, see Sukhothai kingdom
- Vaghela kings of Gujarat
- Vijayanagaran emperors, see Vijayanagara empire
- Kings of Vietnam, see History of Vietnam
- Ly Dynasty
- Wodeyar dynasty of Mysore
- Yadava rulers of Devagiri

Arabic, Turkish, and Kurdish states (Near East, Europe, and Africa)

- Abbadid dynasty
- Aghlabid dynasty
- Rulers of Aleppo, see Aleppo
- Almohad dynasty
- Almoravid dynasty of Morocco
- Emirs of Badajoz
- Bahri dynasty of Egypt
- Banu Isam kings
- Kings of Berghouata
- Burid Dynasty of Damascus
- Burji dynasty of Egypt
- Buwayhid dynasty
- Caliphates
- Abbasid Caliphs, see Abbasid
- Ayyubid dynasty of Syria and Egypt
- Caliph of Cordoba
- Fatimid Caliphs, see Fatimid
- Umayyad Caliphs, see Umayyad
- Ghassanid kings
- Hafsid dynasty
- Hammadid dynasty of Algeria
- Ilkhans, see Ilkhanate
- Merinid dynasty
- Nasrid dynasty
- Kings of Nekor, see Kingdom of Nekor
- Rustamid dynasty
- Safavids
- Saffarid dynasty
- Samanid dynasty
- Seljuk sultans, see Seljuk Turks
- Seljuk sultans of Rüm, see Sultanate of Rüm
- Emirs of Shaizar
- Tahirid dynasty
- Timurid Dynasty
- Turkmen (White Sheep)
- Turkmen (Black Sheep)
- Zengid dynasty of Syria
- Zirid dynasty of Tunisia
- Ziyanid dynasty
- Ziyarid emirs

Europe

- Kings of Albania, see Kingdom of Albania
- Barbarian States
- Hasdingii kings, see Vandal
- Visigothic rulers, see Visigoth
- Barbarian kings of Italy
- Ostrogothic rulers, see Ostrogoth
- List of rulers of Bosnia
- British Isles
- England (Angleland)
- Kings and Queens of England
- Kings of East Anglia
- Kings of Essex
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- Kings of Lindsey
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- Kings of Sussex
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- Lords of Galloway
- Wales
- Rulers of Wales
- Kings of Gwynedd
- Ireland
- Kings of Ireland
- Kings of Breifne
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- Kings of Connacht
- Kings of Moylurg
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- Kings of Siol Anmchada
- Kings of Ulaid
- Kings of the Isle of Man and the Isles
- Kings of the Isle of Man
- List of Bulgarian monarchs
- King of Burgundy
- List of Crimean khans
- Chancellor of Florence
- Frankish Kings
- French monarchs
- Prince of Condé
- Prince of Conti
- Dukes of Aiguillon
- Counts and dukes of Alençon
- Counts and dukes of Angouleme
- Counts and Dukes of Anjou
- Duke of Aquitaine
- Counts and Dukes of Auvergne
- Duc de Berry
- Duke of Bourbon
- Duke of Brittany
- Duke of Burgundy
- Counts and Dukes of Étampes
- Dukes of Gascony, see Gascony
- Duc de Guise
- Duke of Lorraine
- Counts and Dukes of Maine
- Counts and Dukes of Montpensier, see Montpensier
- Duc de Nemours
- Duke of Normandy
- Duke of Orléans
- Counts and dukes of Rethel
- Counts and Dukes of Vendôme
- Count of Armagnac
- Count of Artois, see County of Artois
- Counts of Aumale, see Aumale
- County of Auxerre
- Count of Blois
- Count of Boulogne
- Counts of Brienne, see County of Brienne
- Count of Burgundy
- Count of Champagne
- Count of Clermont-en-Beauvaisis
- Count of Comminges
- Count of Eu
- Count of Flanders
- Count of Foix
- Count of La Marche
- Count of Meaux
- Count of Meulan
- Count of Mortain
- Count of Nevers
- Count of Ponthieu
- Count of Poitiers
- Counts of Provence
- Count of St. Pol, see Saint-Pol-sur-Ternoise
- Counts of Toulouse
- Count of Valentinois
- Count of Vermandois
- Viscounts of Béarn, see Béarn
- Lords of Albret, see Albret
- Lords of Baux
- Lords of Le Puiset, see Le Puiset
- Lords of Lusignan, see Lusignan
- Lords of Montpellier, see Montpellier
- Sires of Montmorency, see Montmorency family
- Great Officers of the Crown of France
- Marshal of France
- Constable of France
- German monarchs
- Counts, Princes, and Dukes of Arenberg
- Margraves, dukes, and archdukes of Austria
- Rulers of Baden
- Counts and dukes of Bar
- List of rulers of Bavaria
- Counts of Bentheim
- Counts of Bentheim-Alpen
- Counts of Bentheim-Bentheim
- Counts of Bentheim-Limburg
- Counts of Bentheim-Lingen
- Counts of Bentheim-Steinfurt
- Counts of Bentheim-Tecklenburg
- Counts of Bentheim-Tecklenburg-Rheda
- Electors of Brandenburg, Dukes of Prussia, etc, see: Hohenzollern and Elector of Brandenburg
- Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg
- Dukes of Carinthia, see Carinthia (duchy)
- Counts of Castell
- Counts of Castell-Castell
- Counts of Castell-Rüdenhausen
- Counts of Celje
- Counts of Fürstenberg
- Counts of Fürstenberg-Baar
- Counts of Fürstenberg-Blomberg
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- Counts of Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg
- Princes of Fürstenberg-Fürstenberg
- Counts of Fürstenberg-Geisingen
- Counts of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg
- Princes of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg
- Counts of Fürstenberg-Möhringen
- Counts of Fürstenberg-Mötzkirch
- Princes of Fürstenberg-Mötzkirch
- Princes of Fürstenberg-Pürglitz
- Counts of Fürstenberg-Stühlingen
- Counts of Fürstenberg-Taikowitz
- Counts of Fürstenberg-Weitra
- Counts of Fürstenberg-Wolfach
- Rulers of Hanover
- Rulers of Hesse
- Counts, Princes of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
- Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp
- Princes of Klingenberg
- Dukes of Krumau
- Dukes, Grand Dukes of Mecklenburg-Schwerin
- Dukes, Grand Dukes of Mecklenburg-Strelitz
- Counts of Ortenburg-Neuortenburg
- Counts Palatine of the Rhine and Electors Palatinate
- Counts, Princes of Reuss
- Counts of Salm
- Counts of Salm-Horstmar
- Wildgraves, Rhinegraves, Princes of Salm-Kyrburg
- Counts of Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck
- Counts of Salm-Reifferscheid-Hainsbach
- Counts, Princes of Salm-Reifferscheid-Krautheim
- Counts of Salm-Reifferscheid-Raitz
- Counts, Princes of Salm-Salm
- Counts of Sayn-Berleburg
- Counts of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Hohnstein
- Dukes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
- Rulers of Saxony
- Counts of Schönborn-Wiesentheid
- Counts of Solms-Braunfels
- Counts of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich
- Counts of Solms-Laubach
- Counts of Solms-Rödelheim-Assenheim
- Counts of Solms-Wildenfels
- Counts of Stadion-Thannhausen
- Counts of Stadion-Warthausen
- Dukes of Swabia
- Dukes of Styria, see Styria (duchy)
- Princes of Thurn und Taxis
- Counts of Toggenburg
- Counts of Waldburg-Waldsee
- Counts of Waldburg-Wurzach
- Counts of Waldburg-Zeil
- Princes of Waldeck
- Rulers of Württemberg
- Georgia
- Bagrationi dynasty
- List of Georgian kings
- List of Holy Roman Emperors
- List of Hungarian rulers
- Italy
- King of Italy
- Marquises and Dukes of Mantua, see Duchy of Mantua
- Rulers of Milan
- Marquises of Montferrat, see Montferrat
- House of Savoy
- List of monarchs of Naples and Sicily
- Princes of Taranto, see Taranto
- List of Counts of Apulia and Calabria
- Counts of Aversa, see Aversa
- Rulers of Tuscany
- Marcheses of Saluzzo, see Saluzzo
- Doges of Genoa
- Doges of Venice
- List of Dukes of Ferrara and of Modena
- Rulers of Kievan Rus'
- Low Countries (Netherlands, Belgium)
- Prince of Orange
- Duke of Brabant
- Dukes and counts of Guelders, see Guelders
- Duke of Lower Lorraine
- Count of Bouillon, see Bouillon
- Count of Flanders
- Count of Hainaut
- Count of Holland
- Counts of Leuven
- Bishop of Utrecht
- Marquis of Namur
- List of Polish rulers
- Dukes of Silesia
- Dukes of Mazovia
- Dukes of Greater Poland
- Dukes of Little Poland
- Dukes of Cuiavia
- Dukes of Leczyca
- Dukes of Sieradz
- Dukes of Pomerania
- List of Portuguese monarchs
- Romania
- Rulers of Wallachia
- Rulers of Moldavia
- Rulers of Transylvania
- Scandinavia
- Denmark (Danmark)
- List of dubious Danish kings
- List of Danish monarchs
- Iceland
- List of Icelandic rulers
- List of lawspeakers, see Lawspeaker
- Norway
- List of Norwegian monarchs
- Kings of Agder, see Sørlandet
- Kings of Hadeland
- Kings of Hedmark
- Kings of Oppland
- Kings of Sogn
- Kings of Solør
- Kings of Toten
- Kings of Vestfold
- Kings of Vingulmark
- Earls of Lade, see Trøndelag
- Sweden (Svearike)
- Swedish semi-legendary kings
- Swedish Kings (non-legendary)
- Kings of Geatland
- List of Serbian monarchs
- Spain
- Kings of Aragon
- Lieutenants of the Kingdom of Aragón
- Chancellors and Council Presidents of Aragón
- Asturian monarchs
- Kings of Castile
- Kings of Leon
- Kings of Navarre
- Kings of Almería, see Almería
- Kings of Alpuente, see Alpuente
- Kings of Majorca, see Kingdom of Majorca
- List of Valencian monarchs
- List of Counts of Barcelona
- List of Viscounts of Barcelona
- Counts of Besalú, see Besalú
- Counts of Empúries, see County of Empúries
- Counts of Urgell

Hellenic and Latin/Crusader states

- Byzantine Emperors
- Emperors of Nicaea, see Empire of Nicaea
- Emperors of Trebizond, see Empire of Trebizond
- Despots of Epirus, see Despotate of Epirus
- Despots of Morea, see Despotate of Morea
- Princes of Lesbos, see Gattilusio
- Crusader States
- Latin Emperors of Constantinople, see Latin Empire
- Kings of Cyprus, see Kingdom of Cyprus
- Officers of the Kingdom of Cyprus
- Kings of Jerusalem
- Vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
- Princes of Galilee, see Principality of Galilee
-
- Lords of Toron, see Toron
- Counts of Jaffa and Ascalon, see County of Jaffa and Ascalon
-
- Lords of Ramla, see Lordship of Ramla
-
- Lords of Ibelin, see Ibelin
- Lords of Oultrejordain, see Oultrejordain
- Lords of Sidon, see Lordship of Sidon
- Officers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
- Kings of Thessalonica, Kingdom of Thessalonica
- Princes of Achaea, see Principality of Achaea
- Lords of Argos and Nauplia, see Argos and Nauplia
- Princes of Antioch, see Principality of Antioch
- Officers of the Principality of Antioch
- Dukes of the Archipelago, see Duchy of the Archipelago
- Dukes of Athens, see Duchy of Athens
- Counts of Edessa, see County of Edessa
- Counts of Tripoli, see County of Tripoli
- Officers of the County of Tripoli

Oceania

- Kings of Easter Island
- List of Rulers of Tahiti

Heads of state or government (modern entities)

See also: List of national leaders (in office), state leaders by year.

Africa

- Algeria
- Heads of state of Algeria
- Heads of government of Algeria (see also: Prime Ministers of Algeria with information specific to that post)
- Colonial heads of Algeria
- Colonial heads of Oran
- Rulers of Kel Ahaggar
- Rulers of Qusantina (Constantine)
- Rulers of Tuggurt
- Angola
- Heads of state of Angola (see also: Presidents of Angola with information specific to that post)
- Heads of government of Angola (see also: Prime Minister of Angola with information specific to that post)
- Colonial heads of Angola
- Heads of state of Democratic People's Republic of Angola
- Heads of government of Democratic People's Republic of Angola
- Heads of state of Cabinda
- Heads of government of Cabinda
- Colonial and provincial heads of Cabinda
- Benin
- Heads of state of Benin
- Heads of government of Benin
- Colonial heads of Benin (Dahomey and Porto-Novo)
- Colonial heads of São João Baptista de Ajudá
- Rulers of Hogbonu (Ajashe/Porto-Novo)
- Bariba (Borgu) states
- Rulers of the Bariba state of Kandi
- Rulers of the Bariba state of Kwande
- Rulers of the Bariba state of Nikki
- Rulers of the Bariba state of Paraku
- Berba states
- Rulers of the Berba state of Gwande
- Ewe states
- Rulers of the Ewe state of Agwe
- Fon states
- Rulers of the Fon state of Alada (Allada)
- Rulers of the Fon state of Danhome (Agbome) (Dahomey)
- Rulers of the Fon state of Savi Hweda
- Gurmanche states
- Rulers of the Gurmanche state of Jugu (Sugu)
- Mahi states
- Rulers of the Mahi state of Fitta
- Rulers of the Mahi state of Savalu
- Yoruba states
- Rulers of the Yoruba state of Dassa
- Rulers of the Yoruba state of Icha
- Rulers of the Yoruba state of Ketu
- Rulers of the Yoruba state of Sabe
- Botswana
- Heads of state of Botswana
- Heads of government of Botswana
- Colonial heads of Botswana (Bechuanaland)
- Rulers of baKgatla
- Rulers of baKwêna
- Rulers of Balete (baMalete)
- Rulers of baNgwaketse

List of Governors of Trinidad and Tobago

This page lists Governors of Trinidad and Tobago. See also list of Governors of Trinidad, list of Governors of Tobago, list of Governors-General of Trinidad and Tobago, list of Presidents of Trinidad and Tobago, list of Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago.

Governors of Trinidad and Tobago 1889-1962

- Sir William Robinson - October 9, 1885-1891
- Sir Frederick Napier Broome - August 19, 1891-1897
- Sir Hubert Edward Henry Jerningham - June 2, 1897-December, 1900
- Sir Cornelius Alfred Moloney - December 4, 1900-August, 1904
- Sir Henry Moore Jackson - August 30, 1904-August 29, 1908
- Sir George Ruthven Le Hunte - May 11, 1909-January, 1916
- Sir John Robert Chancellor - June 1, 1916-1921
- Sir Samuel Herbert Wilson - January 1, 1922-1924
- Sir Horace Archer Byatt - November 22, 1924-1930
- Sir Alfred Claud Hollis - March 22, 1930-1936
- Sir Arthur George Murchison Fletcher - September 17, 1936-1938
- Sir Hubert Winthrop Young - July 8, 1938 - 1942
- Sir Bede Edmund Hugh Clifford - June 8, 1942-1947
- Sir John Valentine Wistar Shaw - March 7, 1947-1950
- Sir Hubert Elvin Rance - April 19, 1950-1955
- Sir Edward Betham Beetham - June 23, 1955-1960
- Sir Solomon Hochoy - July 4, 1960-August 31, 1962

References

- [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Trinidad.html Worldstatesman.com]
- Anthony, Michael. 1997. Historical Dictionary of Trinidad and Tobago. Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Md., and London. ISBN 0810831732 Category:History of Trinidad and Tobago

List of Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago

This page lists prime ministers of Trinidad and Tobago. See also lists of incumbents, list of Governors of Trinidad and Tobago, list of Governors-General of Trinidad and Tobago, list of Presidents of Trinidad and Tobago.

Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago, 1956-present

- Eric Williams: 28 October 1956 - 29 March 1981
- George Chambers: 30 March 1981 - 18 December 1986
- A.N.R. Robinson: 19 December 1986 - 17 December 1991
- Patrick Manning: 17 December 1991 - 9 November 1995
- Basdeo Panday: 9 November 1995 - 24 December 2001
- Patrick Manning: 24 December 2001 - present Trinidad and Tobago, Prime Ministers Category:Trinidad and Tobago

Ellis Clarke

Sir Ellis Emmanuel Innocent Clarke T.C. (born December 28, 1917) was the second and last Governor-General of Trinidad and Tobago and the first President of Trinidad and Tobago. Clarke was one of the main architects of Trinidad and Tobago's 1962 Independence constitution. After winning an Island Scholarship in Mathematics in 1938, Ellis Clarke attended University College London of London University where he received a Bachelor of Law degree and was called to the bar at Gray's Inn. He returned to Port-of-Spain in 1941 where he took up private practice. He served as Solicitor-General from 1954-1956, Deputy Colonial Secretary 1956-1957, and Attorney General 1957-1962. After Independence in 1962 he served as Ambassador to the United States, Canada and Mexico, and Permanent Representative to the United Nations. In 1972 he succeeded Sir Solomon Hochoy as Governor General. When Trinidad and Tobago became a Republic in 1976, Clarke was unanimously elected the country's first President by the presidential electoral college, which comprised the elected members of both Houses of Parliament. He was re-elected by the PNM-controlled electoral college and completed his second term in 1987. Disagreements with the new National Alliance for Reconstruction government resulted in Clarke's decision not to seek a third term. He was succeeded by Noor Hassanali. Ellis Clarke received three knighthoods from Queen Elizabeth II. Although he ceased to use the title Sir after the country became a republic, since retirement from the presidency he has re-adopted his title and has generally been referred to as 'Former President, Sir Ellis Clarke'. He was married to the late Lady Ermyntrude Clarke (1921-2002) for almost fifty years. They had three children, Peter (married to the former Suzanne Traboulay), Margaret-Ann (married to Gordon Fisken) and Richard (who died as a young child). Sir Ellis also has four grandsons John Peter, Michael, Alexander and David and one granddaughter, Katrina. Ellis Clarke was one of six experts worldwide asked to submit reports to Australia's Republic Advisory Committee in 1993 detailing his country's experience in moving from a constitutional monarchy to a republic. Clarke remains active and is still influential in dispute resolution, matters of the law (especially constitutional issues) and diplomatic conflicts. Clarke, Sir Ellis Clarke, Sir Ellis Clarke, Sir Ellis

1 August

August 1 is the 213th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (214th in leap years), with 152 days remaining.

Events

- 527 - Justinian I becomes Byzantine Emperor.
- 607 - Ono no Imoko is dispatched as envoy to the Sui court in China (Traditional Japanese date: July 3, 607).
- 1291 - The Swiss Confederation is formed.
- 1492 - Ferdinand and Isabella drive the Jews out of Spain.
- 1461 - Edward IV is crowned king of England.
- 1498 - Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to visit Venezuela.
- 1619 - First African slaves arrive in Jamestown, Virginia.
- 1664 - The Ottoman Empire is defeated in the Battle of Saint Gotthard by an Austrian army led by Raimondo Montecuccoli, resulting in the Peace of Vasvár.
- 1774 - The element oxygen is discovered by Carl Wilhelm and Joseph Priestley.
- 1776 - Formal signing of the United States Declaration of Independence.
- 1798 - Battle of the Nile starts between French and British fleets.
- 1820 - London's Regent's Canal opens.
- 1831 - London Bridge opens.
- 1832 - The Black Hawk War ends.
- 1834 - Slavery is abolished in the British Empire.
- 1838 - Slaves in Trinidad and Tobago are emancipated.
- 1864 - The Elgin Watch Company is founded in Elgin, Illinois
- 1876 - Colorado is admitted as the 38th U.S. state.
- 1894 - The First Sino-Japanese War erupts between Japan and China over Korea.
- 1902 - The United States buys the rights to the Panama Canal from France.
- 1907 - First Scout camp opens on Brownsea Island.
- 1914 - Germany declares war on Russia at the opening of World War I.
- 1927 - The Nanchang Uprising marks the first significant battle in the Chinese Civil War between the Kuomintang and Communist Party of China. This day is commemorated as the anniversary of the founding of the People's Liberation Army.
- 1936 - The Berlin Olympic Games open.
- 1937 - Tito reads the resolution "Manifesto of constitutional congress of KPH" to the constitutive congress of KPH (Croatian Communist Party) in woods near Samobor.
- 1941 - The first Jeep is produced.
- 1944 - Anne Frank makes the last entry in her diary.
- 1944 - Warsaw Uprising against the Nazi occupation breaks out in Warsaw, Poland.
- 1945 - Mel Ott becomes the third member of the 500 home run club with a home run at the Polo Grounds in New York, New York.
- 1946 - The Japanese Federation of Trade Unions is formed.
- 1948 - The U.S. Air Force Office of Special Investigations is founded.
- 1957 - The United States and Canada form the North American Air Defense Command (N